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New Height of Mount Everest ( माउंट एवरेस्ट की नई ऊंचाई )

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New Height of Mount Everest ( माउंट एवरेस्ट की नई ऊंचाई ) नेपाल और चीन के संयुक्त सर्वे में  दुनिया की सबसे ऊंची चोटी माउंट एवरेस्ट की नई ऊंचाई का पता चला है। भारत द्वारा 1954 में बताई गई ऊंचाई 8,848 मीटर से यह 86 सेंटीमीटर ज्यादा है। 2015 में भयानक भूकंप सहित अन्य कारणों से इसकी ऊंचाई में बदलाव की चर्चा के बीच नेपाल सरकार ने इस चोटी की सटीक ऊंचाई मापने का फैसला किया था।  नेपाल और चीन ने मंगलवार को संयुक्त रूप से घोषणा की कि माउंट एवरेस्ट की नई ऊंचाई 8,848.86 मीटर है। काठमांडो में विदेशमंत्री प्रदीप ग्यावली ने इसकी घोषणा की। चीन ने 2005 में ऊंचाई 8844.43 मीटर बताई थी।  पहले दो बार चीन इसकी अलग - अलग ऊंचाई बता चुका है।  शी जिनपिंग का मुख्य एजेंडा था....    पिछले साल जब चीन के राष्ट्रपति शी जिनपिंग नेपाल यात्रा पर आए, तो एवरेस्ट को संयुक्त रूप से मापने पर सहमति बनाना उनका प्रमुख एजेंडा था। तब पर्यवेक्षकों ने ध्यान दिलाया था कि चीन अपनी तरफ से भी यह काम कर सकता था। उसने 2018 में इसकी शुरुआत भी कर दी थी। चूँकि यह चोटी नेपाल में पड़ती है, इसलिए चीन के माप को ...

M.A Part-2

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M.A/M.Sc. (Final)
GEOGRAPHY


1-   Paper-1  :   Regional Geography of India                                                 100 marks

2-   Paper-2  :   Regional Planning and Development                                    100 marks

3-   Paper-3  :   Population Geography                                                            100 marks 

4-   Paper-4  :   Any one of the following papers                                             100 marks 
  
       (a)   Political Geography

       (b)  Cultural Geography 

       (c)  Remote Sensing Techniques 

       (d)  Urban Geography

       (e)  Advanced Cartography

5-  Paper-5  practicals                                                                                                     100 marks 
      Survey and Field training report




PAPER-1 REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA 

Course Contents:

Unit-1 :   Basis of Regionalization : geo-political, climatic, agro-climatic, physicographic, historical, demographic , socio-economic dimensions, of regionalization, case studies.


Unit-2 :   Macro-Regions: genesis and changing profile ; Indian federalism : a synoptic view; natural and human resources and resources utilization , Population development interface. Policies and Programmes.


Unit-3 :  Meso-Regions : bases of regionalization , physical and human resources, economic and interlinkages, population development environment interface, policies Programmes.


Unit-4 :  Micro-Regions : bases of regionalization ; physical, human and economic resources; formal and functional linkages; Population- development, environment nexus; policies and programmes.


Unit-5 :  Case-study of meso/micro level regions in detail
               Indo-gangetic plain, Jharkhand , Delhi Metropolitan region, Bundelkhand, Regions and regional development, Environmental issues in regional development and planning. 


Books : 1.  R.L singh .India-A Rgional Geography m National Geographical Society, India , Varanasi 1971.



PAPER-2 : REGIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 

Course Contents

Unit-1 :  Regional concept in Geography, conceptual and theoretical framework , merits, and limitations for application to regional planning and development , changing concept of the region from an inter-disciplinary view-point, concept of space, area and locational attributes. 
Types of regions:- Formal and functional; uniform and nodal, single purpose and composite region, in the context of planning ; regional  hierarchy special purpose regions.


Unit-2 : Physical regions, resource regions, regional divisions according to variation in levels of socio-economic development; special purpose regions-river valley regions, metropolitan regions, problem regions- hilly regions, tribal regions, regions of drought and floods.


Unit-3 :   Approaches to delineation of different types of regions and their utility in planning.
              Planning Process- sectoral, temporal and spatial dimensions ; short-term and long term perspectives of planning . Planning for a region/Es development and multi-regional planning in a national context. Indicators of development and their data sources, measuring levels of regional development and disparities-case study of India .


Unit-4 :  Regional development strategies-concentration vs. dispersal, case studies for plans of developed and developing countries, Regional plans of  India .


Unit-5 :  Concept of Multi-level planning decentralised planning ; peoples participation in the planning process; panchayati Raj system ; role and relationship of Panchayati Raj Institutions ( Village Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti and Zila Parishad ) and administrative structure ( village , block and district, Regional development in India-Problems and prospects.



PAPER-3 POPULATION GEOGRAPHY

Course Contents

Unit-1Population Geography : Meaning, scope and Objectives; development of Population Geography, Population geography and Demography- sources of population data, their level of reliability, and problems of mapping of population data.


Unit-2 Population distribution: density and growth-theoretical issues; Classical and modern theories in population distribution and growth; world patterns and their determinants; India -: population distribution density and growth profile, Concepts of under population and over population .


Unit-3Population composition : age ,and sex; literacy and education , religion, cast and tribes, rural and urban ; occupational structure; gender issues; population composition of India.


Unit-4 : Population dynamics :  Measurements of fertility and mortality. Migration; national and International patterns; India's Population dynamics. 


Unit-5 :  Population and development population- resource regions and levels of population and socio-economic development ; population policies in developed and less developed countries; Human Development Index and its components; India's  Population policies , population and environment; for the future.


PAPER-4 (a)  POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY


Course Contents ;

Unit-1 :  Nature, scope, subject matter and recent development in political geography , approaches to study; Major pett schools thought,


Unit-2 :  Geography - Elements and the State. Physical Elements; Human elements; Economic elements; political geography and environment interfam.


Unit-3 :  Themes in Political Geography : state, Nation, Nation-State and Nation-building, Frortiers and boundaries, Colonialism, decolonization Neocolonialism, Federalism and other form of governance. The changing patterns of World Powers Perspectives on core-periphery concept , Conflicts and cooperation.


Unit-4 :  Geopolitical significance of Indian Ocean , Political geography of SAARC Region, south-east asia , west asia , east asia.


Unit-5 :  Political geography of contemporary India , India with special reference to ; the changing political map of India, Unity , diversity : centripetal and centrifugal forces : stability & instability: Interstate issue (Like water disputes & riparian claims) and conflict in resolutions insurgency in border states; Emergency of New States Federal India Unity in Diversity.
 
Books : 1- R.D Dikshit , Political Geography 
              2- B.L Sukhwal . Modern political geography of India 



PAPER - 4 (b) CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

Course Contents

Unit-1 Introduction :  Nature and scope of cultural geography; Definition, cultural element and components of culture; convergence and divergence processes ; cultural changes; perception behaviouralism and cultural relativsm.


Unit-2 :  Cultural Diversity : Bases of cultural diversity- race religion and language. cultural diversity in world , cultural diversity and regionalization in India .


Unit-3 :  Geography of ethic groups and tribal groups Religion and its diffusion ; diffusion of  ethnic traits in world as well as in India f; ethnic Landscape and economy of the area; Diffusion in folk geography ; Religions origin m diffusion and spatial distribution: religion & economic development.


Unit-4 :  Patterns of livelihood : various economics activities & cultural adaptations; agriculture, industrialization and modernization ; technological changes and their geographic implications .


Unit-5 :  Human settlements : Relation to ideology, social structure and technology, social structure and technology, pattern of rural & urban  society , social processes in the city, the city in the developing countries. 



PAPER - 4 (c)  REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES 

Course Contents

Unit-1 :  Historical development or remote sensing as a technology- Relevance of  remote sensing in Geography-concepts and basics ; Energy source energy and radiation principles, energy interaction in the atmospheare and earth surface features, remote sensing systems; platforms, sensors and radiation , records.


Unit-2 :  Air photos and Photogrammetry : Elements of photographic system; types, scales and group coverage, resolution, radiometric characteristics films, filters, aerial cameras , film exposures, geometric , fundamentals of photogrammetry elements of vertical photographs, relief displacement image parallax, streoscopic , orthophotos airphoto , interperetation : shape, size , pattern , tone, texture shadows, site.


Unit-3 :  Satellite Remote Sensing : platform landsatspot , Ooaaavharr, Radarsat, Irs, Insat principles and geometry of scanners and CCD arrays orbital characteristics and data pruducts- MMS ,TM, LISS 1 & 2 , SPTPLA & MLA, SLAR,


Unit-4 :  Image Processing ; types of imagery, techniques of visual interpretation, ground verification , transfer of interpreted thematic information to base maps-digital processing ; rectification and restoration , image enhancement- contrast manipulation, classification ; supervised and unsupervised , post- classification analysis and accuracy assesment , microwave sensing : Interpretation of SLAR  imageries, elements of passive microwave sensing.


Unit-5 :  Applications : Air photo and image interpretations and mapping land use and land cover, land evaluation , urban landuse , landform and its processes , weather studies and studies of water resources integration of Remote Sensing and GIS - remote sensing and hazard management, remote sensing and environment. 



PAPER-4 (d)  URBAN GEOGRAPHY

Course Contents :

Unit-1 :  Nature and scope of urban geography , different approaches and recent trends in urban geography; attributes of urban places during ancient, medieval and modern period; origin and growth of urban settlements: bases and process of urbanization and development , classification of urban settlement on the basis of size and function ; urban systems; urban growth and theories. Central Place theory of christaller and Losch; Theories of Peroux and Boudeville: contribution of Indian scholars to the studies of urban settlements.


Unit-2 :  Urban economic base; basic and Non-basic functions , input - output models, concept of dualism : colonial and postcolonial structure , metropolitan city and changing urban function : role of informal sector in urban economy.


Unit-3 :  Organization of urban space : urban morphology and landuse structure ; city core commercial m industrial and residential areas , cores-country variation ; city - region relations, modern urban landscape: morphology of urban settlements and its comparison with western urban settlements; urban expansion , umlan and periphery.


Unit-4 :  Contemporary urban issues ; urban poverty , urban renewal , urban sprawl, slums, transportation , housing, urban infrastructure , urban finance ; environmental population ;air, water , noise, solid waste, urban crime, issues of environmental health.


Unit-5 :  Issues, perspectives and policies on population and Human settlements. Interface between human settlements and environment.



PAPER-4 (e) ADVANCE CARTOGRAPHY

Course Contents:

Unit-1 : Introduction - Trends in the development cartographic techniques for descriptive, analytical and prescriptive aspects in the use of maps. 


Unit-2: Thematic Cartography-Physical :
            1- Assessment of land quality by using different attributes in the evolution of land form and measuring their association and spatial differentiation .
            2- Land based resource and cover and land use .


Unit-3 :  Thematic cartography - Socio -economic data sources and techniques of analysis of socio-economic data through the preparation of single purpose composite maps.


Unit-4 :  Creation of spatial database and application using GIS, Remote sensing and Computer Cartography .


Unit-5 :  Regional Synthesis and characterization of the observed spatial patterns for predictive purposes . Prepartion of spatial models, cartography for environmental education and planning.
 





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